Macron asked the historian Benjamin Stora to carry out an unflinching examination of the brutal war over Algerian independence – an approach light years from Nicolas Sarkozy's insistence on a rosy presentation of French colonial rule in North Africa...

After years of close ties and preferential deals with Rabat under the presidencies of Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy France under Macron has tilted towards Algeria...

Bolloré got his friend President Nicolas Sarkozy to call Faure on their behalf and they were freed 36 hours later...

While President Nicolas Sarkozy instigated a post-genocide rapprochement with Rwanda in 2010 he hardly hid his sympathy for old françafrique allies such as Ali Bongo Ondimba in Gabon and he stuck to the traditional positive portrayal of colonial rule in Algeria...

Initial reform efforts launched in the 1990s later faltered under presidents Jacques Chirac and Nicolas Sarkozy...

In the deal brokered by former French President Nicolas Sarkozy Niron promised to pay Guinea $50m for the Zogota licence and Guinea dropped criminal charges against Steinmetz's associates withdrew from the Swiss criminal prosecution and froze the Paris arbitration...

Steinmetz's public relations received a boost in February 2019 when Condé performed an about-turn agreeing to cease involvement in the Swiss criminal prosecution in a kiss-and-make-up deal personally brokered by former French President Nicolas Sarkozy (AC Vol 60 No 5 A surprise reunion)...

Ouattara used the good offices of French former President Nicolas Sarkozy to approach Steinmetz...